The HPA Axis in Dogs: How Chronic Stress Rewires Whole-Body Health

Summary

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is your dog’s central stress-response system, and cortisol is the hormone it releases. In short bursts, cortisol is protective. When stress becomes chronic, or when ageing weakens the system’s off-switch, cortisol stays high and begins to affect the whole body: gut barrier function, immune balance, muscle mass, skin, sleep and behaviour. Emerging veterinary evidence frames ageing itself as a modifiable process in which stress load is one of the levers owners can influence. This guide explains how the axis works, which bioactives may support cortisol regulation, and how the gut microbiome sits at the centre of the loop, connecting stress to every other body system. It closes with practical steps to lower your dog’s daily stress load and clear guidance on when a sign needs a vet, not a supplement.

Most owners meet the canine stress response through its consequences rather than its cause. A dog scratches, so it must be an allergy. A dog’s stools loosen, so it must be the food. A dog paces at 3am, wakes stiff, or startles at the doorbell, so it must be age, or noise, or temperament. Each sign gets treated on its own. Yet a large share of these presentations trace back to a single upstream system: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and the stress hormone it governs, cortisol.

This matters more as dogs age. Veterinary science has moved decisively away from treating ageing as a fixed decline. A 2025 narrative review in the Journal of Veterinary Science and a 2026 consensus perspective in JAVMA both frame ageing as a dynamic, modifiable trajectory, with chronic stress named among the levers that accelerate or slow it.¹ ² In older dogs specifically, the stress axis becomes harder to switch off, so the same doorbell that a young dog shrugs off can keep an older dog’s cortisol elevated for far longer.¹ ³

This guide follows the axis from the top down: what it is, which bioactives may influence it, what better regulation looks like in a real dog, and, at the centre, how the gut microbiome sits inside the stress loop and connects it to every other body system Bonza writes about. Where the strongest evidence is canine, we say so. Where it comes from human or rodent studies, we flag that too, because honest sourcing is the point.

Key Takeaways

• The HPA axis is a three-organ chain (hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal glands) that releases cortisol in response to stress. It is essential and healthy in short bursts.
• The problem is chronic activation. When cortisol stays elevated, it drives muscle breakdown, insulin resistance, immune suppression and behavioural withdrawal.¹ ⁴
• Ageing weakens the off-switch. Older dogs may show prolonged cortisol responses to minor stressors because negative feedback and receptor sensitivity decline with age.¹ ³
• The gut and the stress axis talk in both directions. Cortisol can loosen the gut barrier, and gut microbes shape the stress response through short-chain fatty acids, the vagus nerve and tryptophan metabolism.⁵ ⁶ ⁷
• Nutrition may support the axis, but the strongest cortisol evidence for individual bioactives is still human or rodent. Canine data is emerging and honest expectations matter.
• Some stress signs are medical. Cushing’s disease, pain, thyroid disease and cognitive dysfunction can all masquerade as “just getting old” and need a vet.

In This Guide

• What the HPA Axis Is and How It Controls Your Dog’s Stress Response
• Which Bioactives May Influence Cortisol Regulation in Dogs
• What Better Cortisol Regulation Looks Like in a Dog
• How the Gut Microbiome Regulates Your Dog’s Stress Response
• Why Bonza Formulates for the Stress Axis, Not Just the Symptom
• When Stress Signs Need a Vet, Not a Supplement
• How to Reduce Your Dog’s Daily Stress Load
• How to Score Your Dog’s Stress Load: The Bonza Stress Load Self-Assessment
• How Much to Give and How Long Before You See a Change
• Frequently Asked Questions
• References
• Editorial Information

What the HPA Axis Is and How It Controls Your Dog’s Stress Response

The HPA axis is a three-step hormonal relay that turns a perceived threat into a coordinated, whole-body response. Understanding the three steps is what lets you see why a stress problem so rarely stays a “stress problem.”

When your dog’s brain registers a stressor, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). This signals the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which travels in the blood to the adrenal glands sitting near the kidneys. The adrenal cortex then releases cortisol.⁹ Cortisol mobilises glucose, sharpens attention, dampens non-urgent functions like digestion and reproduction, and primes the body to act. This is not a malfunction. It is one of the most elegant survival systems in mammalian biology, and a dog with a healthy stress response needs it working well.

Why cortisol is a normal, necessary hormone

The goal of stress-axis support is never to abolish cortisol. A dog with too little cortisol is a dog in an Addisonian crisis, which is a medical emergency. The aim is a system that switches on appropriately and, just as importantly, switches off cleanly once the threat passes. That off-switch is the part that fails.

How the negative feedback loop switches the response off

Under normal conditions, rising cortisol feeds back to the hypothalamus and pituitary and tells them to stop signalling. This negative feedback loop is what returns the system to baseline after a startle. When the loop works, a dog reacts to the postman and settles within minutes. When the loop weakens, the same dog stays wired long after the postman has gone.

Acute stress versus chronic stress: the difference that matters

Acute stress is adaptive. Chronic stress is corrosive. The technical term for the cumulative wear of a stress system that never fully stands down is allostatic load, and in mammals it is associated with muscle catabolism, insulin resistance, immune suppression and behavioural withdrawal.⁴ The veterinary literature describes exactly this pattern in ageing dogs and cats: repeated or unmanaged stress accelerates physiological ageing and raises vulnerability to age-related disease.¹

How ageing changes the system

This is where the evidence carries real weight for senior dogs. Geriatric dogs may show prolonged cortisol elevation in response to even minor stressors, because negative feedback becomes less efficient and receptor sensitivity shifts with age.¹ ³ Put plainly, the older dog’s stress response is both easier to trigger and slower to switch off. A comprehensive 2024 review of canine ageing biology places this HPA dysregulation alongside mitochondrial and immune changes as a conserved feature of getting old.³ For an owner, the practical takeaway is that a senior dog’s tolerance for disruption is genuinely lower than it was, and that managing stress load is not indulgence, it is preventive care against the wider machinery of biological ageing.

Which Bioactives May Influence Cortisol Regulation in Dogs

Several nutritional bioactives have evidence for supporting cortisol regulation, but the evidence base is uneven and, crucially, much of it is not yet canine. Below, each is tiered honestly, with the species behind each claim stated plainly. None of these is a sedative, and none treats a diagnosed disorder. They are dietary components that may support a more resilient stress response over weeks, not switches that flip in a day.

Adaptogens: the four in PHYTOPLUS®

An adaptogen is a plant compound proposed to help the body maintain balance under stress, in part by modulating the HPA axis. Bonza’s PHYTOPLUS® blend, included in Super and Ancient Grains, contains four: Ashwagandha, Panax ginseng, Eleuthero and Reishi.

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) has the strongest cortisol evidence of the four, though that evidence is human. Multiple randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews report significant reductions in serum cortisol and perceived stress in adults, with a meta-analysis of nine RCTs across 558 participants finding a significant fall in serum cortisol versus placebo.¹³ A separate placebo-controlled trial using a standardised extract found meaningful reductions in morning cortisol over 60 days.¹⁴ Direct canine cortisol trials are lacking, so the honest position is mechanistic plausibility plus strong cross-species human data, not proven canine efficacy.

Panax ginseng, Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus) and Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) are traditional adaptogens with supportive human and preclinical literature for stress resilience and immune modulation, but thinner direct cortisol evidence and minimal canine data. We treat them as complementary components of a blend rather than standalone actives, and the dedicated Reishi and Eleuthero articles in the Bonza adaptogen series go deeper on each.

Lactobacillus helveticus and the psychobiotic route

Of all the ingredients Bonza works with, Lactobacillus helveticus has the most direct HPA literature, which is why it earns its own heading. The foundational work is a 2011 study in the British Journal of Nutrition in which a formulation of L. helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 reduced anxiety-like behaviour in rats and lowered urinary free cortisol and psychological distress in healthy human volunteers.⁹ Follow-up work in mice showed the same class of probiotic prevented stress-induced brain-activity abnormalities through HPA-axis modulation.¹⁰

Two honest caveats. First, this is rodent and human evidence, not canine. Second, and importantly, these effects are frequently strain-specific: the R0052 strain studied is not automatically interchangeable with every L. helveticus preparation. The species-level rationale is sound and the mechanism is well characterised, but strain specificity is a real limit on how strongly anyone should claim a canine cortisol effect.

The most directly relevant canine signal comes from a related organism. A crossover study in 24 anxious Labrador Retrievers reported that Bifidobacterium longum (BL999) supplementation improved anxious behaviours in around 90% of dogs, with lower salivary cortisol and heart rate in most.¹¹ This is a genuinely canine result and it is encouraging, but it was presented as a veterinary behaviour symposium abstract rather than a fully peer-reviewed paper, so it should be read as a strong signal rather than a settled conclusion. A separately published, peer-reviewed canine trial of a prebiotic-plus-probiotic-plus-postbiotic supplement in 40 dogs did report behavioural improvement over placebo, which supports the broader multi-component approach.¹²

Calsporin® and the barrier route into stress regulation

Bacillus velezensis DSM 15544 (Calsporin®) works less on the brain and more on the wall between the gut and the bloodstream. As the next section explains, a leaky barrier is a mechanical driver of the stress-inflammation loop, so supporting barrier integrity is a legitimate, if indirect, way to support the axis. This is the “barrier and detox” arm of Bonza’s four-criterion gut framework, shared by Biotics and Belly.

Fermentable fibres: chicory and yeast

Chicory (a source of FOS and inulin) and yeast hydrolysate (a source of MOS and beta-glucans) are substrates, not actives. They feed the microbes that produce short-chain fatty acids, and butyrate in particular is the anti-inflammatory metabolite that links a healthy gut to a calmer stress axis.⁶ Fibre does not sedate a dog. It feeds the system that helps a dog self-regulate.

DHA and the neuroinflammation angle

The omega-3 fatty acid DHA (supplied in PHYTOPLUS as DHA Gold, an algal source) supports the aged brain by helping to temper neuroinflammation, one of the mechanisms tied to stress-driven cognitive decline. One honest precision point: DHA is not EPA. Algal DHA covers the DHA side of the omega-3 story well, but owners looking specifically for EPA’s joint-and-inflammation profile should know the distinction rather than assume “omega-3” means both.

The mechanistic bridge: tryptophan and serotonin

Tryptophan is the dietary precursor of serotonin, and serotonin availability influences mood, stress resistance and sleep. In dogs, the evidence is genuinely mixed and worth stating fairly. The classic 2000 JAVMA study found that tryptophan supplementation of a low-protein diet may help with certain forms of aggression, but not uniformly across all dogs or behaviours.¹⁵ A later controlled study found no significant effect in privately owned mildly anxious dogs.¹⁶ The broader canine nutrition-and-behaviour literature is best summarised as “biologically plausible, clinically inconsistent.”¹⁶ We include tryptophan as a mechanistic bridge into the gut-brain section, not as a promised fix.

What Better Cortisol Regulation Looks Like in a Dog

Better regulation shows up as a dog that recovers faster and settles more easily, not as a sedated dog. The distinction matters, because the goal is resilience, not suppression. Framed honestly as outcomes a supportive routine and diet may help with, the picture looks like this.

More consolidated sleep. A dog whose stress axis stands down in the evening tends to settle at night rather than pace, pant or wake repeatedly. Night-time restlessness is one of the most common early signs owners misread as simple ageing.¹

Faster recovery from disruption. The measure of a healthy stress response is not whether a dog reacts, but how quickly it returns to baseline afterwards. A shorter recovery curve after the doorbell, the visitor or the car journey is a meaningful sign.

Steadier skin and digestion. Because cortisol influences both the skin barrier and the gut barrier, a better-regulated axis often shows up as fewer flare-ups and more settled stools, which is exactly why the same dog’s “allergy” and “sensitive stomach” can improve together.

Preserved lean muscle. Chronic cortisol is catabolic. Protecting muscle mass in older dogs is partly a stress-management job, alongside protein and activity, and sits within a wider senior-dog nutrition strategy.¹ ⁴

Behavioural steadiness. Fewer startle responses, less reactivity, and a dog that copes better with the ordinary friction of daily life.

Every one of these is a “may support” outcome, dependent on the individual dog, the underlying cause and the wider routine. None is a guaranteed result, and a dog that is genuinely unwell needs diagnosis, not diet alone.

How the Gut Microbiome Regulates Your Dog’s Stress Response

The single most important idea in this guide is that the gut and the stress axis are not two systems that occasionally interact. They are one loop that runs continuously in both directions. This is the mechanism the whole Bonza framework depends on, and it is where the strongest, most citation-worthy science sits.

Direction one: how the stress axis reshapes the gut

When cortisol rises and stays high, it acts directly on the gut wall. Glucocorticoids influence the tight-junction proteins that hold the intestinal barrier closed. A 2017 study in Scientific Reports showed that chronic stress and elevated glucocorticoids downregulate claudin-1, a key tight-junction protein, loosening the barrier.⁵ A looser barrier means more intestinal permeability, which is the mechanical basis of the “leaky gut” concept. Cortisol also alters gut motility, mucus production and, over time, the composition of the microbial community itself.¹

Direction two: how the gut shapes the stress axis

The traffic runs the other way just as strongly. The gut microbiome influences the brain and the stress response through at least three well-characterised routes:

• Short-chain fatty acids. When microbes ferment fibre, they produce SCFAs, chiefly butyrate. Butyrate strengthens the gut barrier, tempers pro-inflammatory signalling, and even influences microglia, the brain’s resident immune cells, helping to keep neuroinflammation in check.⁶ ⁷ This is why fermentable substrates like resistant starch matter to a calm dog, not just a regular one.
• The vagus nerve. Microbial metabolites signal to the brain along the vagus nerve, a direct physical line between gut and brainstem. Much of the anxiolytic effect seen in probiotic studies is vagally mediated.⁸ ⁹
• Tryptophan and neurotransmitter precursors. Gut microbes shape the availability of tryptophan, the raw material for serotonin, tying microbial balance to mood chemistry.⁶ ¹⁵

The feedforward loop: why this becomes self-reinforcing

Here is the part that makes gut-first stress support more than a slogan. Stress causes dysbiosis. Dysbiosis loosens the barrier and cuts butyrate production. That drives systemic inflammation, which feeds back into the brain and the stress axis, worsening behaviour and further disrupting the gut. The Journal of Veterinary Science review states this feedforward loop explicitly, describing how stress-induced dysbiosis contributes to a self-reinforcing cycle of inflammation and behavioural deterioration through the microbiota-gut-brain axis.¹ Break the loop at the gut, and you are working upstream of several downstream problems at once.

The Cortisol Layer: how stress load runs through every axis

Bonza’s Health Hub maps eight gut-organ axes. The stress axis is different in kind: it is not a ninth axis sitting alongside the others, it is a regulatory layer that runs through all of them. Cortisol is the shared upstream variable that shows up everywhere:

• In the gut-skin axis, cortisol influences barrier function and inflammatory tone, which is why stress and skin flares travel together.
• In the gut-brain axis, it is the direct line between the stress response and cognition, mood and sleep.
• In the gut-immune axis, sustained cortisol is immunosuppressive, blunting the immune surveillance an older dog relies on.¹ ⁴
• In the gut-metabolic axis, it drives insulin resistance and altered glucose handling.⁴
• In the gut-joint axis, the catabolic effect on muscle undermines the support that joints depend on.
• In the gut-heart axis, chronic stress interacts with cardiovascular tone and remodelling.
• In the gut-liver axis, the detoxification burden of a stressed, inflamed system falls on the liver.
• In the gut-longevity axis, cortisol-driven allostatic load is one of the clearest accelerants of biological ageing.¹ ⁴

Seen this way, the stress axis is the connective tissue of the whole framework. It is why a dog’s problems so often cluster, and why an upstream, gut-first approach can matter across systems rather than one at a time.

One Gut. Whole Dog. The stress axis is the clearest illustration of why Bonza builds from the gut outward: cortisol touches every system, and the gut is where you can reach it.

The owner variable: your stress is part of your dog’s stress

One finding deserves to be pulled out of the mechanism and put in front of every owner. Long-term stress levels in dogs and their owners are synchronised. A 2019 study in Scientific Reports measured hair cortisol, a marker of chronic rather than momentary stress, and found that dogs’ long-term cortisol tracked their owners’.¹⁷ The wider Dog Aging Project has similarly highlighted that a dog’s social environment, household stability and daily context shape long-term health outcomes.¹⁸ The uncomfortable, useful implication is that some of your dog’s stress load is a reflection of yours, and that a calmer household is a genuine intervention, not a soft one.

Why Bonza Formulates for the Stress Axis, Not Just the Symptom

Bonza’s formulation logic follows the biology above: reach the stress axis through the gut, and support the whole loop rather than chasing one downstream sign. That plays out across three products.

Superfood and Ancient Grains carries the PHYTOPLUS® blend, which combines the four adaptogens with fermentable fibres, algal DHA and a wide bioactive spread, so the daily food itself feeds the gut-stress loop rather than leaving stress support to a separate pill. The hemp in the blend is CBD-free.

Biotics and Belly work the barrier and microbial side directly, meeting Bonza’s four-criterion standard of prebiotic, probiotic, postbiotic and barrier support, with Calsporin® and TruPet™ as anchor components. Because barrier integrity is a mechanical brake on the stress-inflammation loop, this is stress support by a different route.

Bliss is the targeted calming formulation for acute, predictable stress windows, the fireworks nights and the boarding stays, designed to work alongside the daily gut-first foundation rather than instead of it.

The through-line is that Bonza does not treat “calming” as a bolt-on. It formulates for the system that connects a dog’s gut to its behaviour, because that is where the science says the leverage is.

When Stress Signs Need a Vet, Not a Supplement

This section is non-negotiable, and it comes before any dosing guidance for a reason: several serious medical conditions present exactly like “stress” or “old age,” and a supplement is the wrong response to any of them.

Hormonal disease. Both hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s disease), where the body overproduces cortisol, and hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease), where it underproduces, are medical diagnoses with signs that overlap with everyday stress: panting, restlessness, appetite and drinking changes, coat changes and lethargy. These require veterinary testing and treatment. No dietary bioactive substitutes for that.

Pain presenting as behaviour. Osteoarthritis and other sources of chronic pain frequently show up first as irritability, withdrawal, night waking or reduced tolerance, and are easily mislabelled as temperament or ageing.¹

Thyroid disease and cognitive dysfunction. Thyroid disorders and canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome both alter behaviour and sleep and both need proper diagnosis rather than assumption.¹

Any sudden change. A previously settled dog that becomes anxious, aggressive, withdrawn or restless relatively suddenly should be seen by a vet before anything is added to the bowl. Sudden behavioural change is a clinical sign, not a personality shift.

Adaptogen and supplement cautions. Adaptogens are not risk-free. As a general precaution, they are best avoided or used only under veterinary guidance in pregnant or lactating dogs, in dogs on immunosuppressive or sedative medication, in dogs with autoimmune or thyroid conditions, and in the run-up to surgery, where effects on clotting or sedation could matter. Always tell your vet exactly what your dog is taking.

Nothing in this article treats, cures or prevents any disease. It describes dietary support that may help a healthy dog cope better, within a picture that a vet has confirmed is not something more serious.

How to Reduce Your Dog’s Daily Stress Load

How to Score Your Dog’s Stress Load: The Bonza Stress Load Self-Assessment

The quickest way to know whether stress is a live factor for your dog is to score it. The Bonza Stress Load Self-Assessment below breaks the picture into the five inputs that shape the HPA axis, and turns them into a single load band plus a pointer to which body system is most likely to feel it first. It is a self-reflection aid, not a diagnosis, and it never replaces a veterinary opinion.

How to use it. Answer all five questions, note the number beside your answer, and add them up. Then read your total against the load bands underneath.

1. Routine and predictability. How consistent are your dog’s daily meal, walk and rest times?

• Very consistent, same rhythm most days = 0
• Broadly consistent, with regular exceptions = 2
• Irregular, changes often = 4

2. Environment and rest. Does your dog have a genuine quiet retreat it can choose, away from noise and foot traffic?

• Yes, and it uses it freely = 0
• Sort of, but it is often disturbed = 2
• No real safe space = 4

3. Household change and disruption. In the last two to three months, how much upheaval has there been (moves, new people or pets, building work, schedule changes, a lost companion)?

• Little to none = 0
• Some, now settling = 2
• Significant or ongoing = 4

4. Your own stress. Honestly, how would you rate your own stress levels lately? (This counts, because long-term stress synchronises between dogs and owners.)

• Low and steady = 0
• Up and down = 2
• High or sustained = 4

5. Observable signs. How many of these has your dog shown recently: disturbed or restless sleep, pacing or panting at rest, loose or irregular stools, skin flare-ups or over-grooming, increased reactivity or withdrawal, appetite changes?

• None or one = 0
• Two or three = 3
• Four or more = 6

Your stress load band

• 0 to 5, Low load. Stress is unlikely to be a major driver right now. Keep the routine steady and the gut well fed, and re-score if things change.
• 6 to 12, Moderate load. There is enough stress input to be worth acting on. Work through the daily stress-load steps above, prioritise a gut-first foundation, and re-score in four to six weeks.
• 13 or more, High load. Stress is very likely contributing to what you are seeing. Address the environment and routine as a priority, and book a veterinary check to rule out pain, hormonal or thyroid disease and cognitive dysfunction before assuming the cause is behavioural.

Which axis is it most likely reaching? Look back at your answer to question 5. Loose or irregular stools point first to the gut-brain and barrier route. Skin flare-ups or over-grooming point to the gut-skin axis. Disturbed sleep, reactivity or withdrawal point to the gut-brain axis and, in older dogs, warrant ruling out cognitive dysfunction. Because cortisol is the shared upstream variable, a high score in one area rarely stays contained to one system, which is the whole point of treating the stress axis as a layer that runs through the others rather than a problem in isolation.

Prefer a guided version? For an interactive version that scores this for you, shows your load band, and points you to the body system most likely affected, use the Canine Stress Load Assessment tool.

This self-assessment is an educational tool and does not diagnose any condition. A high or rising score, or any sudden change in your dog, is a reason to consult your veterinarian.

How Much to Give and How Long Before You See a Change

Feed to your dog’s weight per the on-pack guidance for each product, and give the routine time to work. The most common reason owners conclude a stress-support approach “did not work” is that they judged it too early.

Adaptogens and psychobiotics are not fast-acting sedatives. Across the human and canine literature, meaningful change is generally measured in weeks, not hours, with most guidance suggesting a consistent four to six week window before assessing behavioural outcomes.¹¹ ¹³ The gut-first approach in particular is cumulative: you are shifting a microbial and barrier environment, which takes time.

Bliss is the exception in timing, being designed for acute, anticipated stress windows, and is best given ahead of a known trigger rather than in reaction to one, layered on top of the daily gut-first foundation rather than replacing it. As always, introduce any new supplement gradually, keep your vet informed of everything your dog is taking, and give the routine an honest run before judging it.

Frequently Asked Questions

Conclusion

The most useful shift this guide asks for is to stop reading your dog’s signs as a list of separate problems and start reading them as a system. The itch, the loose stool, the restless night and the shortened fuse are frequently downstream of one over-active stress axis, and cortisol is the thread that runs through all of them. As dogs age, that axis becomes easier to trigger and slower to switch off, which is why stress management stops being a luxury and becomes preventive care.

The leverage point is the gut. Because the microbiome and the stress axis run as a single two-way loop, and because cortisol touches every organ system Bonza writes about, a gut-first approach reaches further than any single-symptom fix. The evidence is honest about its limits: much of the individual-ingredient cortisol data is still human or rodent, canine trials are emerging rather than settled, and some signs are medical and belong with a vet. But the direction of the science is clear, and it points to the same place Bonza builds from.

One Gut. Whole Dog. Support the system that connects them, and you are working upstream of the problems that show up one at a time.

Related Articles

• The Gut-Brain Axis in Dogs: The Impact of Nutrition
• Probiotics for Dogs with Anxiety: Gut-Brain Axis Support
• Adaptogens for Dogs: The Strict-Definition Guide to Adaptogenic Herbs for Stress, Resilience, and Healthy Ageing
• The Gut-Longevity Axis in Dogs: Key To Improved Healthspan
• The Gut-Immune Axis in Dogs – How Gut Health Supports Immune Health
• Canine Gut-Organ Axes: How Gut Health Shapes Skin, Joints, Brain, and More

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Editorial Information

Field	Detail
Published	25 July 2026
Last Updated	25 July 2026
Reviewed by	Bonza Veterinary Advisory Board
Next Review	25 July 2027
Author	Glendon Lloyd
Disclaimer	This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute veterinary advice. Always consult a qualified veterinarian before making changes to your dog’s diet or supplement regimen.